what part of the brain is connected to the nervous system

What is the brain?

The brain is a circuitous organ that controls thought, retentivity, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together, the brain and spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.

What is the brain made of?

Weighing about 3 pounds in the average adult, the encephalon is about 60% fatty. The remaining 40% is a combination of h2o, protein, carbohydrates and salts. The encephalon itself is a non a musculus. It contains blood vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial cells.

What is the grey matter and white matter?

Greyness and white affair are two different regions of the key nervous system. In the brain, gray affair refers to the darker, outer portion, while white matter describes the lighter, inner department underneath. In the spinal string, this order is reversed: The white matter is on the outside, and the gray matter sits within.

Cross sections of the brain and spinal cord, showing the grey and white matter.

Gray matter is primarily composed of neuron somas (the round central cell bodies), and white matter is mostly made of axons (the long stems that connects neurons together) wrapped in myelin (a protective coating). The different composition of neuron parts is why the two appear as separate shades on sure scans.

Parts of a nerve cell: the central soma cell body with inner nucleus and outer dendrites and long axon tail, insulated by myelin pads.

Each region serves a different role. Gray thing is primarily responsible for processing and interpreting information, while white matter transmits that information to other parts of the nervous system.

How does the brain piece of work?

The brain sends and receives chemic and electrical signals throughout the body. Dissimilar signals control different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some brand yous feel tired, for instance, while others make you feel hurting.

Some messages are kept within the brain, while others are relayed through the spine and across the body's vast network of nerves to afar extremities. To practice this, the central nervous arrangement relies on billions of neurons (nerve cells).

Main Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

At a high level, the brain can exist divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum.

Diagram of the brain's major parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem

Cerebrum

The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises gray affair (the cerebral cortex) and white affair at its center. The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum initiates and coordinates motility and regulates temperature. Other areas of the cerebrum enable speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. Other functions relate to vision, hearing, affect and other senses.

Cerebral Cortex

Cortex is Latin for "bark," and describes the outer greyness matter covering of the cerebrum. The cortex has a large surface expanse due to its folds, and comprises most half of the brain'south weight.

The cognitive cortex is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. It is covered with ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci). The two halves join at a large, deep sulcus (the interhemispheric fissure, AKA the medial longitudinal crevice) that runs from the front of the caput to the back. The correct hemisphere controls the left side of the trunk, and the left half controls the correct side of the trunk. The two halves communicate with 1 another through a large, C-shaped structure of white thing and nerve pathways called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is in the center of the cerebrum.

Brainstem

The brainstem (middle of brain) connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

Midbrain. The midbrain (or mesencephalon) is a very complex structure with a range of different neuron clusters (nuclei and colliculi), neural pathways and other structures. These features facilitate various functions, from hearing and motility to calculating responses and environmental changes. The midbrain also contains the substantia nigra, an area affected by Parkinson's affliction that is rich in dopamine neurons and part of the basal ganglia, which enables move and coordination.
Pons. The pons is the origin for four of the 12 cranial fretfulness, which enable a range of activities such as tear product, chewing, blinking, focusing vision, balance, hearing and facial expression. Named for the Latin give-and-take for "bridge," the pons is the connection between the midbrain and the medulla.
Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem, the medulla is where the encephalon meets the spinal cord. The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many actual activities, including heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The medulla produces reflexive activities such as sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing.

The spinal cord extends from the bottom of the medulla and through a large opening in the bottom of the skull. Supported past the vertebrae, the spinal string carries messages to and from the encephalon and the rest of the body.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum ("picayune brain") is a fist-sized portion of the brain located at the back of the head, beneath the temporal and occipital lobes and in a higher place the brainstem. Like the cerebral cortex, it has ii hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons, and the inner expanse communicates with the cerebral cortex. Its function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance and equilibrium. New studies are exploring the cerebellum's roles in thought, emotions and social behavior, likewise as its possible interest in addiction, autism and schizophrenia.

Brain Coverings: Meninges

Three layers of protective covering called meninges surround the encephalon and the spinal cord.

The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. Information technology includes two layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is below that. Spaces between the layers allow for the passage of veins and arteries that supply blood menstruation to the brain.
The arachnoid mater is a thin, weblike layer of connective tissue that does not contain nerves or blood vessels. Below the arachnoid mater is the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. This fluid cushions the entire central nervous system (encephalon and spinal string) and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities.
The pia mater is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of the brain and follows its contours. The pia mater is rich with veins and arteries.

Three layers of the meninges beneath the skull: the outer dura mater, arachnoid and inner pia mater

Lobes of the Brain and What They Control

Each brain hemisphere (parts of the cerebrum) has four sections, called lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Each lobe controls specific functions.

Diagram of the brain's lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

Frontal lobe. The largest lobe of the brain, located in the front of the head, the frontal lobe is involved in personality characteristics, decision-making and motion. Recognition of smell usually involves parts of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe contains Broca'south area, which is associated with speech ability.
Parietal lobe. The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and empathize spatial relationships (where i's body is compared with objects around the person). The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and affect in the body. The parietal lobe houses Wernicke's area, which helps the brain understand spoken linguistic communication.
Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the dorsum part of the brain that is involved with vision.
Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, temporal lobes are involved in curt-term retentiveness, voice communication, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition.

Deeper Structures Within the Brain

Pituitary Gland

Sometimes called the "master gland," the pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure found deep in the brain behind the bridge of the olfactory organ. The pituitary gland governs the role of other glands in the body, regulating the menstruation of hormones from the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testicles. Information technology receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stalk and blood supply.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located higher up the pituitary gland and sends information technology chemic letters that command its office. It regulates body temperature, synchronizes sleep patterns, controls hunger and thirst and too plays a function in some aspects of memory and emotion.

Amygdala

Pocket-size, almond-shaped structures, an amygdala is located under each half (hemisphere) of the brain. Included in the limbic organisation, the amygdalae regulate emotion and memory and are associated with the encephalon's reward system, stress, and the "fight or flight" response when someone perceives a threat.

Hippocampus

A curved seahorse-shaped organ on the underside of each temporal lobe, the hippocampus is part of a larger structure chosen the hippocampal formation. It supports retentivity, learning, navigation and perception of space. It receives information from the cognitive cortex and may play a function in Alzheimer'due south affliction.

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is located deep in the brain and attached by a stalk to the top of the 3rd ventricle. The pineal gland responds to light and dark and secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Deep in the brain are iv open areas with passageways between them. They also open up into the central spinal culvert and the surface area beneath arachnoid layer of the meninges.

The ventricles manufacture cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, a watery fluid that circulates in and around the ventricles and the spinal cord, and between the meninges. CSF surrounds and cushions the spinal cord and brain, washes out waste and impurities, and delivers nutrients.

Diagram of the brain's deeper structures

Blood Supply to the Encephalon

Two sets of blood vessels supply blood and oxygen to the brain: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries.

The external carotid arteries extend upwards the sides of your neck, and are where you can feel your pulse when yous touch the area with your fingertips. The internal carotid arteries branch into the skull and circulate blood to the forepart part of the encephalon.

The vertebral arteries follow the spinal column into the skull, where they join together at the brainstem and course the basilar avenue, which supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain.

The circle of Willis, a loop of claret vessels nearly the bottom of the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front of the brain to the back and helps the arterial systems communicate with one another.

Diagram of the brain's major arteries

Cranial Nerves

Inside the attic (the dome of the skull), at that place are 12 nerves, called cranial nerves:

Cranial nerve 1: The first is the olfactory nerve, which allows for your sense of olfactory property.
Cranial nerve 2: The optic nerve governs eyesight.
Cranial nerve 3: The oculomotor nerve controls student response and other motions of the eye, and branches out from the area in the brainstem where the midbrain meets the pons.
Cranial nerve 4: The trochlear nerve controls muscles in the heart. It emerges from the back of the midbrain office of the brainstem.
Cranial nerve v: The trigeminal nerve is the largest and near complex of the cranial nerves, with both sensory and motor function. Information technology originates from the pons and conveys sensation from the scalp, teeth, jaw, sinuses, parts of the rima oris and face to the brain, allows the function of chewing muscles, and much more than.
Cranial nerve 6: The abducens nerve innervates some of the muscles in the eye.
Cranial nerve 7: The facial nervus supports face movement, gustation, glandular and other functions.
Cranial nerve eight: The vestibulocochlear nervus facilitates balance and hearing.
Cranial nervus nine: The glossopharyngeal nerve allows taste, ear and throat move, and has many more functions.
Cranial nerve 10: The vagus nerve allows sensation effectually the ear and the digestive system and controls motor action in the eye, throat and digestive arrangement.
Cranial nerve eleven: The accessory nervus innervates specific muscles in the head, neck and shoulder.
Cranial nerve 12: The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor activity to the tongue.

The starting time two fretfulness originate in the cerebrum, and the remaining 10 cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem, which has three parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

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Source: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain